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authorized biography

  • 1 authorized

    authorized (US/UK)
    adj.
    • autorizado, -a adj.
    • caracterizado, -a adj.
    • habilitado, -a adj.
    ['ɔːθǝraɪzd]
    ADJ autorizado

    authorized agent — agente mf oficial

    authorized capital — (Comm) capital m autorizado, capital m escriturado

    Authorized Version — Versión f Autorizada (de la Biblia)

    English-spanish dictionary > authorized

  • 2 authorized

    author·ized
    [ˈɔ:θəraɪzd, AM ˈɑ:-]
    adj inv bevollmächtigt, autorisiert
    ▪ to be \authorized to do sth berechtigt sein, etw zu tun
    “entry is permitted only to \authorized personnel” „Unbefugten ist der Zutritt verboten“
    “\authorized personnel only” „Zutritt nur für Befugte“
    \authorized biography autorisierte Biografie
    * * *
    ['ɔːɵəraɪzd]
    adj
    overdraft bewilligt; person, representative, bank autorisiert, bevollmächtigt; biography autorisiert

    "authorized personnel only" — "Zutritt nur für Befugte"

    authorized signature — Unterschrift f eines bevollmächtigten Vertreters

    * * *
    authorized [-raızd] adj
    1. autorisiert, bevollmächtigt, befugt, verfügungsberechtigt, beauftragt;
    authorized agent WIRTSCH (Handlungs)Bevollmächtigte(r) m/f(m), (bevollmächtigter) Vertreter;
    authorized capital WIRTSCH autorisiertes (zur Ausgabe genehmigtes) Kapital;
    authorized person Befugte(r) m/f(m);
    “authorized personnel only” „Unbefugten Zutritt verboten!“;
    Authorized Version (die) englische Bibelversion von 1611;
    be authorized to do sth befugt sein, etwas zu tun;
    authorized to sign unterschriftsbevollmächtigt, zeichnungsberechtigt; → academic.ru/61617/representative">representative A 1
    2. JUR rechtsverbindlich
    auth. abk
    2. author (authoress)
    * * *
    (US) adj.
    genehmigt adj. adj.
    befugt adj.
    bevollmächtigt adj.
    ermächtigt adj.

    English-german dictionary > authorized

  • 3 authorized

    author·ized [ʼɔ:ɵəraɪzd, Am ʼɑ:-] adj
    autorisiert;
    “entry is permitted only to \authorized personnel” „Unbefugten ist der Zutritt verboten“;
    “\authorized personnel only” „Zutritt nur für Befugte“;
    \authorized biography autorisierte Biografie

    English-German students dictionary > authorized

  • 4 biography

    [baɪ'ɔgrəfɪ]
    сущ.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > biography

  • 5 authorized

    authorized [ˈɔ:θəraɪzd]
    autorisé ; [dealer, representative] agréé ; [biography] officiel

    English-French dictionary > authorized

  • 6 biografi|a

    f (G D Gpl biografii) Literat. biography (kogoś of sb)
    - autoryzowana biografia an authorized biography
    - □ biografia dokumentalna Literat. factual biography
    - biografia zbeletryzowana Literat. fictionalized biography

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > biografi|a

  • 7 official

    1. adjective
    1) Amts[pflicht, -robe, -person]
    2) (derived from authority, formal) offiziell; amtlich [Verlautbarung]; regulär [Streik]

    is it official yet? — (coll.) ist das schon amtlich?

    2. noun
    Beamte, der/Beamtin, die; (party, union, or sports official) Funktionär, der/Funktionärin, die
    * * *
    [ə'fiʃəl] 1. adjective
    1) (of or concerning a position of authority: official powers; official uniform.) Amts-..., Dienst-...
    2) (done or confirmed by people in authority etc: the official result of the race.) offiziell
    2. noun
    (a person who holds a position of authority: a government official.) der Beamte/die Beamtin
    * * *
    of·fi·cial
    [əˈfɪʃəl]
    I. n
    1. (holding public office) Amtsperson f, Beamte(r), Beamtin m, f
    customs \official Zollbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f
    government/security \official Regierungs-/Sicherheitsbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f
    high \official höherer Beamte(r)/höhere Beamtin
    minor \official unterer Beamte(r)/untere Beamtin
    top \official Spitzenbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f
    2. (responsible person) Offizielle(r) f(m), Funktionsträger(in) m(f)
    trade-union \official Gewerkschaftsfunktionär(in) m(f)
    3. (referee) Schiedsrichter(in) m(f)
    II. adj inv
    1. (relating to an office) offiziell, amtlich; (on business) dienstlich
    \official business Amtsgeschäfte pl
    \official duty Dienstpflicht f
    \official residence Amtssitz m
    \official use Dienstgebrauch m
    \official visit offizieller Besuch
    2. (authorized) offiziell
    the \official position is that... offiziell heißt es, dass...
    \official authorization offizielle Genehmigung
    \official broker amtlicher Börsenmakler/amtliche Börsenmaklerin
    \official inquiry amtliche Untersuchung
    \official intervention staatliche Intervention
    \official language Amtssprache f
    O\official List STOCKEX amtliches Kursblatt
    \official market offizieller Aktienmarkt
    \official publication/transcript autorisierter Artikel/autorisierte Abschrift geh
    \official receiver Konkursverwalter(in) m(f)
    \official record amtliche Aufzeichnungen; LAW Gerichtsakte f
    \official spokesperson offizieller Sprecher/offizielle Sprecherin
    \official strike regulärer Streik
    3. (officially announced) offiziell, amtlich bestätigt
    \official communiqué/statement amtliche Verlautbarung/Erklärung
    * * *
    [ə'fISəl]
    1. adj
    offiziell; report, duties, meeting, visit also amtlich; (= formal) ceremony, style förmlich, formell; (= authorized) biography autorisiert

    official strike — offizieller Streik, gewerkschaftlich genehmigter Streik

    2. n
    (= railway official, post office official etc) Beamte(r) m, Beamtin f; (of club, at race-meeting) Funktionär(in) m(f)
    * * *
    official [əˈfıʃl]
    A adj (adv officially)
    1. offiziell, amtlich, Amts…, Dienst…, dienstlich, behördlich:
    official act Amtshandlung f;
    official call TEL Dienstgespräch n;
    official car Dienstwagen m;
    official duties Amts-, Dienstpflichten;
    official family US (Journalistensprache) Kabinett n des Präsidenten der USA;
    official language Amtssprache f;
    official oath Amts-, Diensteid m;
    official powers pl Amtsgewalt f, -vollmacht f;
    a) Amtssitz m,
    b) Amtswohnung f;
    official secrecy Amtsverschwiegenheit f;
    official secret Amts-, Dienstgeheimnis n;
    official trip Dienstreise f;
    for official use only nur für den Dienstgebrauch; → academic.ru/12048/channel">channel A 7, misconduct B 2
    2. offiziell, amtlich (bestätigt oder autorisiert) (Bericht etc):
    is this official? ist das amtlich?; → denial 3
    3. offiziell, amtlich (bevollmächtigt):
    officially von Amts wegen; → receiver 3 a
    4. offiziell, formell, förmlich:
    an official dinner ein offizielles Essen;
    official manner förmliches Benehmen
    5. PHARM offiziell (als Heilmittel anerkannt)
    B s
    1. Beamte(r) m, Beamtin f
    2. (Gewerkschafts- etc) Funktionär(in)
    3. FUSSB the officials Schieds- und Linienrichter pl
    off. abk
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) Amts[pflicht, -robe, -person]
    2) (derived from authority, formal) offiziell; amtlich [Verlautbarung]; regulär [Streik]

    is it official yet? — (coll.) ist das schon amtlich?

    2. noun
    Beamte, der/Beamtin, die; (party, union, or sports official) Funktionär, der/Funktionärin, die
    * * *
    adj.
    Amts- präfix.
    amtlich adj.
    offiziell adj. n.
    Beamter - m.
    dienstlich adj.

    English-german dictionary > official

  • 8 Camm, Sir Sydney

    [br]
    b. 5 August 1893 Windsor, Berkshire, England
    d. 12 March 1966 Richmond, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English military aircraft designer.
    [br]
    He was the eldest of twelve children and his father was a journeyman carpenter, in whose footsteps Camm followed as an apprentice woodworker. He developed an early interest in aircraft, becoming a keen model maker in his early teens and taking a major role in founding a local society to this end, and in 1912 he designed and built a glider able to carry people. During the First World War he worked as a draughtsman for the aircraft firm Martinsyde, but became increasingly involved in design matters as the war progressed. In 1923 Camm was recruited by Sopwith to join his Hawker Engineering Company as Senior Draughtsman, but within two years had risen to be Chief Designer. His first important contribution was to develop a method of producing metal aircraft, using welded steel tubes, and in 1926 he designed his first significant aircraft, the Hawker Horsley torpedo-bomber, which briefly held the world long-distance record before it was snatched by Charles Lindbergh in his epic New York-Paris flight in 1927. His Hawker Hart light bomber followed in 1928, after which came his Hawker Fury fighter.
    By the mid-1930s Camm's reputation as a designer was such that he was able to wield significant influence on the Air Ministry when Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft specifications were being drawn up. His outstanding contribution came, however, with the unveiling of his Hawker Hurricane in 1935. This single-seater fighter was to prove one of the backbones of the RAF during 1939–45, but during the war he also designed two other excellent fighters: the Tempest and the Typhoon. After the Second World War Camm turned to jet aircraft, producing in 1951 the Hawker Hunter fighter/ground-attack aircraft, which saw lengthy service in the RAF and many other air forces. His most revolutionary contribution was the design of the Harrier jump-jet, beginning with the P.1127 prototype in 1961, followed by the Kestrel three years later. These were private ventures, but eventually the Government saw the enormous merit in the vertical take-off and landing concept, and the Harrier came to fruition in 1967. Sadly Camm, who was on the Board of Sopwith Hawker Siddeley Group, died before the aircraft came into service. He is permanently commemorated in the Camm Memorial Hall at the RAF Museum, Hendon, London.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE 1941. Knighted 1953. Associate Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society 1918, Fellow 1932, President 1954–5, Gold Medal 1958. Daniel Guggenheim Medal (USA) 1965.
    Further Reading
    Alan Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888–1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens (provides information about Camm and his association with Sopwith).
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1961–70.
    CM

    Biographical history of technology > Camm, Sir Sydney

  • 9 Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 18 January 1888 London, England
    d. 27 January 1989 Stockbridge, Hampshire, England
    [br]
    English aeronautical engineer and industrialist.
    [br]
    Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.
    Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.
    In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.
    The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.
    Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1953. CBE 1918.
    Bibliography
    1961, "My first ten years in aviation", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April) (a very informative and amusing paper).
    Further Reading
    A.Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888– 1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens.
    B.Robertson, 1970, Sopwith. The Man and His Aircraft, London (a detailed publication giving plans of all the Sopwith aircraft).
    CM / JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch

  • 10 autorizado

    adj.
    1 authorized, permitted, licensed, accredited.
    2 approved, sanctioned.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: autorizar.
    * * *
    1→ link=autorizar autorizar
    1 (oficial) authorized, official
    2 (experto) authoritative, expert
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=oficial) authorized, official
    2) (=fiable) authoritative
    3) (Com) approved

    la persona autorizada — the officially designated person, the approved person

    * * *
    - da adjetivo <fuente/portavoz> official; < distribuidor> authorized, official; < opinión> expert (before n), authoritative
    * * *
    = authorised [authorized, -USA], accredited, approved, ratified.
    Ex. These files may be updated only by authorized persons from the local library.
    Ex. Please remember that only accredited representatives of voting members of IFLA are entitled to vote at IFLA Council meetings.
    Ex. Most of this software takes the form of content filtering software, but there are some applications that are based on the idea of 'selection' of approved Web sites.
    Ex. The legal theory of this case must come from the ratified treaties, statutes, and case law defining the relationship of the United States and the Indian tribes.
    ----
    * autorizado de antemano = pre-authorised [pre-authorized, -USA].
    * autorizado por la compañía = company-approved.
    * autorizado por la FDA = FDA-approved.
    * cruzar la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalking, jaywalk.
    * no autorizado = unauthorised [unauthorized, -USA].
    * persona que cruza la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalker.
    * sólo para personal autorizado = restricted access.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo <fuente/portavoz> official; < distribuidor> authorized, official; < opinión> expert (before n), authoritative
    * * *
    = authorised [authorized, -USA], accredited, approved, ratified.

    Ex: These files may be updated only by authorized persons from the local library.

    Ex: Please remember that only accredited representatives of voting members of IFLA are entitled to vote at IFLA Council meetings.
    Ex: Most of this software takes the form of content filtering software, but there are some applications that are based on the idea of 'selection' of approved Web sites.
    Ex: The legal theory of this case must come from the ratified treaties, statutes, and case law defining the relationship of the United States and the Indian tribes.
    * autorizado de antemano = pre-authorised [pre-authorized, -USA].
    * autorizado por la compañía = company-approved.
    * autorizado por la FDA = FDA-approved.
    * cruzar la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalking, jaywalk.
    * no autorizado = unauthorised [unauthorized, -USA].
    * persona que cruza la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalker.
    * sólo para personal autorizado = restricted access.

    * * *
    1 ‹fuente/portavoz› official; ‹distribuidor› authorized, official
    2 ‹opinión› expert ( before n), authoritative
    las personas autorizadas opinan que … the experts are of the opinion that …
    * * *

    Del verbo autorizar: ( conjugate autorizar)

    autorizado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    autorizado    
    autorizar
    autorizado
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹fuente/portavoz› official;


    ‹ distribuidor› authorized, official;
    ‹ opinión› expert ( before n)
    autorizar ( conjugate autorizar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹manifestación/documento/firma› to authorize;

    ‹aumento/pago/obra› to authorize, approve
    b) ‹ persona›:

    ◊ ¿quién te autorizó? who gave you permission?;

    lo autoricé para recibir el pago I authorized him to receive the payment;
    me autorizó para salir he gave me permission to go out;
    eso no te autoriza a or para hablarme así that doesn't give you the right to talk to me like that
    autorizado,-a adjetivo authorized, official
    autorizar verbo transitivo to authorize
    ' autorizado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    autorizada
    - bar
    English:
    authoritative
    - lawful
    - licensed
    - official
    - unauthorized
    * * *
    autorizado, -a adj
    1. [permitido] authorized;
    un distribuidor autorizado an authorized o official distributor;
    una película no autorizada para menores a movie passed as unsuitable for children;
    autorizada para mayores de 18 años [en letrero] Br ≈ 18, US ≈ R;
    una manifestación no autorizada an unauthorized demonstration;
    una biografía no autorizado an unofficial biography
    2. [digno de crédito] authoritative
    * * *
    adj authorized;
    autorizado a firmar authorized to sign;
    no autorizado unauthorized
    * * *
    autorizado, -da adj
    1) : authorized
    2) : authoritative

    Spanish-English dictionary > autorizado

  • 11 authorize

    transitive verb
    1) (give authority to) ermächtigen; bevollmächtigen; autorisieren

    authorize somebody to do something — jemanden ermächtigen, etwas zu tun

    2) (sanction) genehmigen
    * * *
    (to give the power or right to do something: I authorized him to sign the documents; I authorized the payment of $100 to John Smith.) bevollmächtigen, genehmigen
    - academic.ru/4480/authorization">authorization
    - authorisation
    * * *
    author·ize
    [ˈɔ:θəraɪz, AM ˈɑ:-]
    vt
    ▪ to \authorize sth etw genehmigen [o bewilligen]
    ▪ to \authorize sb to do sth jdn bevollmächtigen [o ermächtigen], etw zu tun
    * * *
    ['ɔːɵəraɪz]
    vt
    1) (= empower) berechtigen, ermächtigen, autorisieren (geh); (= delegate authority) bevollmächtigen

    he was fully authorized to do it — er war voll und ganz befugt, das zu tun

    authorizes you to drive... — dieser Führerschein berechtigt Sie zum Fahren von...

    2) (= permit) genehmigen; money, claim etc genehmigen, bewilligen; translation, biography etc autorisieren
    * * *
    authorize [-raız] v/t
    1. autorisieren, ermächtigen, bevollmächtigen, berechtigen ( alle:
    to do zu tun)
    2. gutheißen, billigen, genehmigen
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) (give authority to) ermächtigen; bevollmächtigen; autorisieren

    authorize somebody to do something — jemanden ermächtigen, etwas zu tun

    2) (sanction) genehmigen
    * * *
    (US) v.
    berechtigen v.
    ermächtigen v.
    genehmigen v.

    English-german dictionary > authorize

  • 12 Stephenson, Robert

    [br]
    b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 October 1859 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.
    [br]
    Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.
    In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.
    Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.
    Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.
    In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.
    Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.
    During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.
    In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).
    J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).
    M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert

  • 13 authorize

    A vtr autoriser [person, institution] (to do à faire) ; autoriser [payment, visit].
    B authorized pp adj [signature, signatory, biography, version] autorisé ; [dealer] agréé.

    Big English-French dictionary > authorize

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